This is Part 6 of the chapter "Islamic Slavery" from M. A. Khan's book, "Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism and Slavery". To uphold the Quran's command and Muhammad's tradition, wherever Jihadi Muslim invaders have gone -- Asia, Africa or Europe -- they have engaged in extensive slavery, Africa being the worst affected. (Part 1, Part 5, Part 7)
ENSLAVEMENT BY MUSLIMS ELSEWHERE
Muslim invaders and rulers engaged in enslaving the vanquished infidels in large numbers in their raids and wars everywhere. Prophet Muhammad’s inauguration of wholesale enslavement of non-Muslims for selling them or engaging in household work and concubinage was progressively expanded after his death as the Muslim power progressively increased through the reigns of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (632–60), the Umayyads (661–750) and the Abbasids (751–1250).
When Muslim General Amr, directed by Caliph Omar, conquered Tripoli in 643, he took away the women and children from both the Jews and Christians. Caliph Othman, records ninth-century historian Abu Khalif al-Bhuturi, imposed a treaty on the Nubia (Sudan) in 652, requiring its rulers to send an annual tribute of slaves—360 for the caliph and forty for the Egyptian governor,[1] which continued until 1276. Similar treaties were concluded during the Umayyad and Abbasid rules with the towns of Transoxiana, Sijistan, Armenia and Fezzan (modern Northwest Africa), who had to send a stipulated annual tribute of slaves of both sexes.[2] During the Umayyad rule, Musa bin Nusair, an illustrious Yemeni General, was made governor of North Africa (Ifrikiya, 698–712) to put down a renewed Berber rebellion and to spread the domain of Islam. Musa put down the revolts and enslaved 300,000 infidels. The Caliph’s one-fifth share, numbering 60,000, was sold into slavery and the proceeds were deposited into the caliphal treasury. Musa engaged 30,000 of the captives into military service.[3]
In his four-year campaign in Spain (711–15), Musa had captured 30,000 virgins from the families of Gothic nobility alone.[4] This excludes the enslaved women from other backgrounds, and of course, the children. In the sack of Ephesus in 781, 7,000 Greeks were driven away as slaves. In the capture of Amorium in 838, slaves were so numerous that Caliph al-Mutasim ordered them to be auctioned in batches of five and ten. In the assault of Thessalonia in 903, 22,000 Christians were divided among the Arab chieftains or sold into slavery. In Sultan Alp Arsalan’s devastation of Georgia and Armenia in 1064, there was immense slaughter and all the survivors were enslaved. Almohad Caliph Yaqub al-Mansur of Spain raided Lisbon in 1189, enslaving some 3,000 women and children. His governor of Cordoba attacked Silves in 1191, making 3,000 Christians captive.[5]
Having captured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187, Sultan Saladin enslaved the Christian population and sold them. In the capture of Antioch in 1268, Mamluk Sultan al-Zahir Baybars (r. 1260–77) enslaved 100,000 people after putting 16,000 defenders of the garrison to the sword. ‘The salve market became so gutted that a boy would fetch only twelve dirhams and a girl five,’ notes Hitti.[6]
It is already noted that, after Muslims assumed power in Southeast Asia, they had promoted slavery to such an extent that the Portuguese—arriving after a century—found that almost all the people belonged to slave-masters and the Arabs were prominent among the masters. It is also noted that Muslim rulers in Southeast Asia often enslaved the entire population after capturing a territory and carry them away. In Java, Muslim rulers reduced the entire hill people, a substantial part of the population, to slavery through raids and purchase. Sultan Iskandar Muda (r. 1607–36) of Aceh brought thousands of slaves to his capital as a result of the conquests in Malaya. Java was the largest exporter of slaves in around 1500; these slaves were captured in ‘decisive wars of Islamization’.[7] The Sulu Sultanate, despite being under constant threat of being overtaken by the Spanish, brought as many as 2.3 million Filipinos as slaves from the Spanish-controlled Philippines through Moro Jihad raids between 1665 and 1870. Late in the 1860s to 1880s, slaves constituted 6 percent to two-thirds of the population in the Muslim-ruled regions of the Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago.
Late in the eighteenth century, Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail (r. 1672–1727) ‘had an army of black slaves, said to number 250,000.’[8] In 1721, Moulay Ismail ordered an expedition against a rebel territory in the Atlas Mountains, where the rebels had resolved against sending tributes to the sultan. Upon defeating the rebels, ‘All the men were put to the sword, while the women and children… were carried back’ to the capital. Soon afterwards, he ordered another expedition of 40,000-strong force under the command of his son Moulay as-Sharif against the rebel town of Guzlan that had withdrawn tribute. Upon seeing no hope of winning the battle, the rebels surrendered and sued for mercy. But Moulay as-Sharif ‘ordered every man to be killed and decapitated.’[9] Their women and children were obviously carried away as slaves.
Guinea (Africa, currently 85 percept Muslim) came under the Muslim rule in the eighteenth century. During the latter part of this century, the ‘Upper Guinea Coast had “slave town” with as many as 1,000 inhabitants’ under a chief. Traveling in Islamic Sierra Leone in 1823, Major Laing witnessed “slave town” in Falaba, the capital of Salima Susu.[10] These slaves worked in agricultural projects of the chief. The East African Empire of famed Sultan Sayyid Sa’id with its capital in Zanzibar (1806–56) ‘was founded upon slavery… Slaves were shipped to the markets of Southern Arabia and Persia as domestic retainers and concubines.’[11]
Ronald Segal, who is sympathetic to Islam,[12] informs that African children of the age-group of ten to eleven years were captured in large numbers for military training to serve in the Muslim army. From Persia to Egypt to Morocco, slave armies consisting of 50,000 to 250,000 soldiers became commonplace.[13] Similar to the rearing of the Ottoman Janissary soldiers (discussed below), Sultan Moulay Ismail used to pick up ten-year-olds from the black slave-breeding farms and nurseries, castrate them and train them into loyal and fierce fighters, called bukhari, because, they pledged allegiance to the sultan swearing by Sahih Bukhari. The best of these bukharis served as the sultan’s personal and palace guards; the rest served in maintaining orders in the provinces. He had 25,000 bukharis guarding his capital at Meknes, while 75,000 were stationed in the garrison town of Mahalla.[14]
According to estimates of Paul Lovejoy (Transformations in Slavery, 1983), about two million slaves were transported from Africa and the Red Sea coast to the Islamic world in the nineteenth century alone, with at least eight million (estimated mortality rate 80–90 percent) likely perished in process. In the eighteenth century, estimated 1,300,000 black Africans were enslaved. Lovejoy estimates that a total of some 11,512,000 slaves were dispatched from Africa to the Islamic world by the nineteenth century, while the estimate of Raymond Mauvy (cited in The African Slave Trade from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century, UNESCO, 1979) puts the total number at fourteen million, which also include some 300,000 enslaved in the first half of twentieth century.[15] Murray Gordon’s Slavery in the Arab World put the total number of black slaves harvested by Muslim slave-raiders at eleven million—roughly equal to the number taken by European traders to their colonies of the New World. At the end of the eighteenth century, caravans from Darfur used to transport 18,000–20,000 slaves in a single trip to Cairo. Even after Europe banned slavery in 1815 and pressured Muslim governments to stop the practice, ‘In 1830, the Sultan of Zanzibar claimed dues on 37,000 slaves a year; in 1872, 10,000 to 20,000 slaves a year left Suakin (Africa) for Arabia.’[16]
[1]. Vantini G (1981) Christianity in the Sudan, EMI, Bologna, p. 65–67
[2]. Ibn Warraq (1995) Why I am not a Muslim, Prometheus Books, New York, p. 231
[3]. Umayyad Conquest of North Africa, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_North_Africa
[4]. Lal KS (1999) Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi, p 103; Hitti PK (1961) The Near East in History, D. Van Nostrand Company Inc., New York, p. 229-30
[5]. Brodman JW (1986) Ransoming Captives in Crusader Spain: The Order of Merced on the Christian-Islamic Frontier, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, p. 2-3
[6]. Hitti (1961), p. 316
[7]. Reid A (1988) Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450–1680, Yale University Press, New Haven, p. 133
[8]. Lewis B (1994) Race and Slavery in the Middle East, Oxford University Press, Chapter 8, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html
[9]. Milton G (2004) White Gold, Hodder & Stoughton, London, p. 143, 167-71
[10]. Rodney W (1972) In MA Klein & GW Johnson eds., Perspectives on the African Past, Little Brown Company, Boston, p. 158
[11]. Gann L (1972) In Ibid, p. 182
[12]. Segal emphasizes that anti-Semitism is in complete conflict with the amicable relationship Prophet Muhammad had established with Judaism and Christianity. He asserts that there is no historical conflict between Jews and Muslims, although some conflict arose only after the crusades. Such assertionsl go directly against Prophet’s exterminating or exiling the Jews of Medina and Khaybar and his final instruction, while in death-bed, to cleanse Arabia of the Jews and Christians. He also urged his followers to kill the Jews to the last one [Sahih Muslim, 41:6985]
[13]. Segal R (2002) Islam’s Black Slaves, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, p. 55
[14]. Milton, p. 147–150
[15]. Segal, p. 56–57
[16]. Braudel F (1995) A History of Civilizations, Translated by Mayne R, Penguin Books, New York, p. 131
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written by dead or alive , September 27, 2011
written by dead or alive , September 27, 2011
written by Hermann , September 28, 2011
written by M. A. Khan, editor , September 28, 2011
written by fineliving56 , September 29, 2011
That bags few questions:
Is the women going to be lashed:
- With or without cloth on.
- If the women is pregnant is she still going to be strapped on wall.
- If yes, is the infant going to be slashed with her or there is going to be some protection for the defenseless baby muslim.
- If yes, does it make any difference if the baby is a boy or a girl …if a boy, would the slash, still happen, after all a baby muslim boy is too valuable …a baby girl is not that much.
- Does age has anything to do with it, if a 70 years old grandmother drove, would the slash accommodate old bones.
Just asking the elite of the Islamic saudi society or for better word, asking the Islamic brutes ...savages of Saudia Arabia.
Doesn't that kind of brutality, remind us of the treatment of, the head of the snake, Muhammad to women……
and, they say Muhammad has nothing to do with what muslims doing today ….rubbish.
written by aki , September 29, 2011
End of a non story!
written by Mozlem , September 29, 2011
Did I miss or you condone the lashing and not allwing women to drive in saudi barbaria?
Are you a saudi barbarian by backgound I mean on exile?
written by aki , September 29, 2011
Is that clear enough!
written by Mozlem , September 29, 2011
The collapse will only happen from inside (saudis) we cannot influence it.
written by Mozlem , September 29, 2011
1. Accept and allow (behavior that is considered morally wrong or offensive) to continue.
AKI wants Saudis to lash the saudi Women. Arent you a true mullah?
written by aki , September 29, 2011
You know what I meant! I was in a rush on the iPhone!
I disagree with the sentance handed out to the lady for driving!
But the Saudi regime has to go! Traitors to the faith and traitors to the people!
written by fineliving56 , September 29, 2011
A king who felt sorry for these women and he overridden the courts, does not change anything to future women drivers …….
I my right??
It will make any deference…when this happens:
- I Believe, when Muslim women not be STONED to death for having relations out side marriage…there is divorce for that….unfair.
- I believe when Muslim women not be beheaded for the same reasons ….unfair.
-I believe, you when Muslim women, can keep all their inherence from family , not half of her brother, like Quran says….unfair
- I believe when Muslim women given the dignity to make beating wives like Quran sanctioned is criminal act and husband, put in JAIL and pay dearly in every way.
- I believe, when Muslim women given some kind of
dignity and DISALLOWED 4 WIVES NON SENSE in Quran …unfair.
- I believe, when women given the dignity by accepting her as witness by her self, no need for another to remind[ for crying out lowed]….unfair.
- I believe, when Muslim women can KEEP their children after 6, not having them taken away from her …the father gets them…..unfair.
- I believe, when Muslim women can leave the country without the permission from their husband he should be told and that is all, he deserves ……..unfair.
- I believe, when Muslim women can leave their house without the humiliation of having a chaperon like a child ….unfair.
- I believe, when Muslim women marriage is NOT as easy to resolve as saying …Talka…talka…talka…women will be out of the door to their family, who do not want them back any way and, without their kids…unfair.
- I believe, when Muslim women have the dignity of NOT having to marry to another man, and divorce him, JUST to get back to her husband, women are NOT toys in the hand of muslim brutes…unfair.
And of course, last but not least, the little matter of driving for women [FCOL]…….unnnnnnnnfair .
There is a lot more little unfair things in Islam that make my stomach churn…SO
Akbar ……as you can see the list is as long as your arm.
So do not come here and BRAGE about one thing that still a Shariah law…
first see if these shariah laws, was thrown in the garbage like it should be.
Like I said before there is improvement in Saudia …but no thanks to any Saudi man …women had enough and asked for it and acted on it …finally
When all, what I listed become a law in Islamic country then I will and others like me will stop criticism of Islam …not before…..
Good lock defending Quran the way it is.
written by duh_swami , September 29, 2011
There is phone service in Yorkshire? Amazing...
I suppose that since you hate those Sunni Sauds, you must be Shia...Are you waiting for Mahdi to come out of his well at Jamkaran?
written by Mozlem , September 29, 2011
Lets start another round of entertainment on Shia practices in that case. Tell me when to start?
First question: Are Shias Muslims?
written by Machmoed , September 30, 2011
written by duh_swami , September 30, 2011
written by aki , September 30, 2011
Go figure?
written by duh_swami , September 30, 2011
Islam ruins every place it moves into in numbers...Sometimes the pollution is so bad, police, fire crews, and ambulances won't go there, and it is impossible to get a pizza delivered...The larger and more dense the Muslim population, the fewer pizza's are delivered...Yorkshire probably has no go pizza delivery areas, already, and it will only get worse...What Yorkshire needs is a good iron fisted tyrant in charge...I would take the job, but it's too far to ride my bicycle...
written by duh_swami , September 30, 2011
Well the democracies paid them well, and then turned on them like an pack of dogs...They are doing this to save Muslims from themselves...But the democracies are fooling themselves, it is not possible to save Muslims from themselves...Look what happened to Yorkshire...
written by fineliving56 , September 30, 2011
big breasted and with big black eyes…. robes of silk and gold bracelets …with water under their feet ….vins and trees of fruits over their heads …wow... that the life for the reworded, loves of Allah who, IT likes the most and reword the best…
One by one …people taking out another true Muslim bag of trash, more often ….
Another nail in the coffin of Islam
written by duh_swami , September 30, 2011
What resources does Yorkshire have to plunder?...
I thought the Muslim crusader invaders got all the plunder...We were talking about paying tyrants and you changed the subject to plunderers...Same tyrants, but a different game... What resources are democracies plundering? I can't think of any...Camel steaks? Maybe flying carpets?...I bet you can't buy a flying carpet in Yorkshire...
written by aki , September 30, 2011
Put a tyrant in place, then place a military base there and then get that countries natural resources for peanuts.
written by fineliving56 , September 30, 2011
that is coming from a muslim who is silent about the mass killing of 9/11
where were you, and the likes of you, when 9/11 happened …
Did the Muslims, who did the killing, had a trial and jury for all the 3000 innocents people …huh ?
do not talk with both sides of your mouth …Muslim
BTW…have you checked wikiislam like I told you?
did these ex muslims who changed their religions, had a judge and jury like you brag about , before they were raped…kidnapped….killed
please your bias thinking is showing ..try to hide it better.
written by duh_swami , October 01, 2011
You didn't answer the question again...What resources, and what evidence do you have that these 'resources' are obtained for 'peanuts', by military occupation? Talk is cheap...lets seem some substance...
written by duh_swami , October 01, 2011
Just executions!
You need to talk to your brother Obama about that...It was he who gave the order...Where was it you said he was born? You didn't answer that...
written by bumblebee , October 01, 2011
These soldier were named Janissaries, the most famous branch of the Kapikulu.The Janissaries became a decisive factor in the Ottoman invasions of Europe.They eventually gained power and threatened to overthrow the Sultan unless they received pay.The sultan had 135,000 of them beheaded and burned to death.
The Mamluks were slave soldiers who were forced to convert to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans.The first mamluks served the Abbasid caliphs in 9th century Baghdad
Mamluks were mainly responsible for the expulsion of the Crusaders from Palestine and preventing the Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia and Iraq from entering Egypt.Over time they became a powerful military caste, and on more than one occasion they seized power for themselves.
White slave boys from the Caucasus served as the army and formed an elite corps of troops eventually revolting in Egypt to form the Burgi dynasty.
written by bumblebee , October 01, 2011
The great slaving capitals were Salé in Morocco, Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli
The trans-Atlantic trade in blacks was commercial but for muslims the fury over the Crusades and expulsion from Spain in 1492 fuelled a jihad-like Christian-stealing campaign.
They organized amphibious assaults that depopulated parts of the Italian coast.
When they came ashore, Muslim corsairs made a point of destroying churches. They stole church bells to silence the voice of Christianity.
Constant predation took a terrible toll. Women were easier to catch than men, and coastal areas could lose their entire child-bearing population. Fishermen were afraid to go out, or would sail only in convoys. Eventually,Italians gave up their coast by the end of the 17th century, “the Italian peninsula had by then been prey to the Barbary corsairs for two centuries or more, and its coastal populations had largely withdrawn into walled, hilltop villages or the larger towns like Rimini, abandoning miles of once populous shoreline to vagabonds and freebooters.”
written by bumblebee , October 01, 2011
In three years, 1606 - 1609, 466 British and Scottish merchant ships were taken by Algerian corsairs.
By the mid-1600s the British were running a brisk trans-Atlantic trade in blacks, but many British crewmen themselves became the property of Arab slavers.
” Slaves were not just property,they were infidels,and deserved whatever suffering a master meted out. “all slaves who survived to write of their experiences stressed the endemic cruelty and violence practiced there.”
It is known that of the nearly 400 Icelanders caught in 1627, there were 70 survivors eight years later.
1530 - 1780 there were 1-2 million white, European Christians enslaved by the Muslims of the Barbary Coast.
In Algiers in 1830 there were still 2000 white slaves in the bagno.
Ireland was not immune from attacks by the corsairs. 1631 -1647 raids enslaved many villages.
They captured all the villagers of County Cork and took them away to a life of slavery in North Africa.
Only two of them ever saw Ireland again.
It is estimated 4 million European and Russian Christians ended up as slaves in muslim lands.
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800 (Early Modern History) by Robert C. Davis (Nov 4, 2004)
White Gold by Giles Milton (May 9, 2005)
Mao, Osama, Khomeini, LET, AL QUEDA etc, were never taken seriously when they started their actvities, and outcome of their deeds is for everyone to see. So start taking Islamic threat seriously or a long period of oppression and butchering is awaiting us.