Islam Under Scrutiny by Ex-Muslims
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Sex and sexuality in Islam - Part 6[ Part 1 - Part 2 - Part 3 - Part 4 - Part 5 ] MasturbationWhat? Naujubillah, Naujubillah. Do you perform this act? If you are one of those 1% or 2% of men who have never masturbated in their lifetime, then you are extremely lucky, for, you do not have to undergo the terrible punishment that is reserved for those (at least for 98% of all males) of men who do 'nikah' and adultery with their hands! In nature, we find that all living creatures capable of reproduction do masturbate. It is a quick, easy, safe and neutral method of sexual gratification that is in practice since 'God' created the animal kingdom. Ask any medical professional/sex therapist, if you do not mind, about masturbation and chances are that he/she will tell you that, it is a harmless practice that may even benefit you when you are under extreme tension or stress! He/she may even tell you that masturbation is the method by which sperms are collected for the sperm banks. However, this DIY sexual act is totally 'haram' in Islam. If you ever indulged in such a dreadful act in your privacy, be warned that almighty Allah and His secret police/angels are recording your actions every time you commit such 'adultery' with yourself using your own body parts. You will be punished for such a vile act during your resurrection. I am not so sure as to how the Islamic Sha'ria laws on masturbation can be enforced in this world. The only way, as far I can imagine, to enforce God's punishment for this 'sin/crime', is to send Islamic 'moral police' to every cubicle in toilets, bedrooms and private rooms of every individual. Assuming that the physical punishment for masturbation in this world is nearly impossible to be meted out, all the masturbators must now be prepared for the punishment in the hereafter. So, what punishment these DIY sex maniacs expect from an angry Allah?Well, if we have to go by some authority on Islam, all those who have ever masturbated, will be resurrected with their hands being pregnant!! How will this be possible? You may ask.We always thought that only women get pregnant. Nope!Allah can do anything.I do not know for certain what will happen to the women masturbators.What?Do women masturbate too?What a silly question I have asked, you say? Let us hear from an expert on female sexuality.Shere Hite, the famous sex researcher on female sexuality reports that 82% women surveyed in a research project indicated that they masturbate regularly.To this figure, I would safely add another 8 percent (at least) to make it a nice figure of 90% to include those women who did not respond to this question through an answer due to embarrassment. Thus, those women who do not admit having ever masturbated, are, probably lying (see page 59, Shere Hite, The Hite report: A nationwide study of female sexuality, 1977, published by Summit books, New York). In page 59, Shere Hite describes the true nature of female masturbation thus, "How women masturbate is one of the most important keys to understanding female sexuality (from the point of view of orgasm): since it is almost always done alone and since in most cases no one is taught how to do it, masturbation provides a source of almost pure biological feedback it is one of the few forms of instinctive behavior to which we have access." In the same book, in page 60, she writes further, "The fact that women can orgasm easily and pleasurably whenever they want (many women several times in a row) shows beyond a doubt that women know how to enjoy their bodies; no one needs to tell them how. It is not female sexuality that has a problem ("dysfunction") but society that has a problem in its definition of sex and the subordinate role that definition gives women. Sharing our hidden sexuality by telling how we masturbate is a step toward bringing our sexuality out into the world and toward redefining sex and physical relations as we know them." Those few sincere and truthful statements from a world famous researcher on female sexuality, whose work is considered to be the biggest sex study since Master and Johnson, even Kinsey Report, tells the scientific truth about masturbation. Her honest comments apply equally to both male and female sexuality. How could then Islam simply deny such truth and consider masturbation as a serious moral offence and a crime? I do not know what will happen to those 'lustful' decadent women during the resurrection.Will they have double pregnancy?That is to say, will their hands, as well as their bellies get pregnant? Here is what a Mufti from South Africa writes: Mufti Ebrahim Desai Islamic Q & A Online with Mufti Ebrahim Desai Darul Ifta, Madrasah In'aamiyyah Camperdown, South Africa http://www.islam.tc/cgi-bin/askimam/ask.pl?q=165&act=view Hadhrat Anas narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallaahu Alayhi Wasallam) said,'The person who performs Nikah with his hands (i.e. maturbates) is cursed. (Tafseer Mazhari vo.12 p.94) Saeed bin Jubayr narrates that Rasulullah (Sallaahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, Allah Taala will inflict a punishment on a group of people because they played with their private parts.' Ataa (RA) says, 'Some people will be resurrected in such a condition that their hands will be pregnant, I think they are those who masturbate.' After learning the terrible consequence of masturbation in Islam, is not it time for all of us (male and female) to quit this 'despicable' habit?Nevertheless, I am almost certain that most of us will never be able to give up such an easy source of pleasure, which is available 24/7/365 at FOC.Where can you get such a free ecstasy?To eradicate such 'dreadful' and 'contemptible' habit, the Islamists must launch a 'quit masturbation' campaign similar to 'quit smoking' campaign.Then again, I am quite certain that just like the 'quit smoking' campaign, this will also be a dismal failure, This is because, 'a standing prick and/or a wet vagina has no conscience.' Please forgive me for my using liberally such vulgar words, but I could find nothing better to describe the intense, innate and instinctive urge that all creatures have to satisfy their sexual libido.It is a desire against which no force on earth can stand. Those who smoke continue smoking despite the 'quit' campaign and knowing fully well the potential danger of smoking.Similarly, those who masturbate will continue to masturbate no matter how much anger Allah has reserved for them in the afterworld.Sexual gratification is the biggest motivator of all living beings.Next to food, people will do almost anything and will go anywhere to satisfy their sexual appetite.It is as simple as this.The Islamic idea of masturbation is either totally out of reality or extremely hypocritical, to say the least.Islam wants to implant the sense of culpability and remorse by simply taking the gullible believers for a ride to submit to its doctrine through fear and guilt. Here are the Sha'ria rules for those die-hard masturbators. Please note that all is not lost. Practice these Islamic rules and you may be saved! MasturbationGhusl obligatory---e10.1 (reference 8, p.79) E10.1 The purificatory bath (ghusl, def: e11) is obligatory for a male when: (1) sperm exits from him; (2) or the head of his penis enters a vagina; and is obligatory for a female when: (1) sexual fluid (def: below) exits from her; (2) the head of a penis enters her vagina; (3) and after her menstrual period; (4) after her postnatal lochia stops or after a child is born in a dry birth. (n:The Arabic term maniya used in all these rulings refers to both male sperm and female sexual fluid. i.e. that which comes from orgasm, and both sexes are intended by the phrase sperm or sexual fluid wherever it appears below.) Fast broken---i1.18(9)(ibid, page 284) i.1.18(9)Sexual intercourse (O: if deliberate, even if there is no orgasm), or orgasm from stroking a nongenital region or from masturbation (O: no matter whether such orgasm is produced by unlawful means, like one's own hand (did: w37). Or whether by lawful means, such as hand of one's wife); Invalidates fast---I 1.19(3) (ibid, page 286) I1.19(3) Of orgasm, whether as the result of touching (O: such as kissing, contact, lying between the other's thighs, or something else), or because of masturbation; When I searched the entire Qur'an, I could not even find the word 'masturbation.' in it. Thus, I am not quite certain that masturbation is 'haram.' However many Mullahs use verse 23:5-7 to mean that, among other acts that cause sexual defilement (junub) /sin, masturbation is one of them. This may or may not be true. Since I am not a Mullah, I leave this to all the 'masturbators' to judge for themselves the latent meaning of this verse. 023.005
Who abstain from sex, Again, in Sharia books, we find that this DIY sex is declared unlawful by Islamic jurors. Unlawful ---w37.1 (Reference 8, page 932) W37.1 (N:) Maturbation with one's own hand is unlawful. Imam Shafi'I (Allah be well pleased with him) was asked in connection with masturbation about word of Allah Most High: "...those who guard their private parts, save from their wives or [bondwomen] whom their right hands own, for these are not blameworthy. But whoever seekd beyond that, those are the transgressors" (Koran 23:5-7), and said that these Koranic verses restrict permissible sex to what is mentioned in them, since the last verse denies that anything besides this is lawful.
Homosexuality/sodomyIn contrast to masturbation, the Qur'an is very clear on homosexuality. In Islamic parlance, homosexuality is termed as sodomy, although strictly speaking, sodomy and homosexuality may not mean exactly the same thing.However, we shall use the word 'sodomy' to mean homosexuality and vice versa. Homosexuality is quite a burning issue now a day, thanks to the worldwide movement by the gay and lesbian community to establish their legitimate rights in the society. The reform movement launched by the homosexual community around the globe is slowly changing the society's perception of this kind of sexual preferences. In many countries, the homosexual groups are very vocal to demand their legal rights and are extremely active to remove all forms of legal and illegal restrictions imposed on them. They want to enjoy similar rights that any other citizen takes for granted. Thus, in Australia, it is illegal to discriminate a person because of his/her sexual preferences whether he/she is a homosexual or not. There is the annual Mardi Gras festival celebrated in Sydney every year around the first week of March to create awareness among the populace that the gays and lesbians are a group of people who deserve to be treated as equal in the eye of law and that they are not a group of people to be despised, ridiculed, abhorred, subject to vilification and violence. What Islam has to say on this issue of gay/lesbian rights? In Islam, it is simply laughable to talk about the rights of homosexuals. Islam treats these people as worse then animals/criminals and there is barbaric punishment for those who engage in homosexual acts, either male or female.Islam considers this kind of sexual preference as unnatural or deviant and as an act against Allah.Sodomy deserves capital punishment (for men) in Islam. Thus, all those people who participate in the annual Mardi Gras festival are subject to be killed if they happen to live in any Islamic Paradise and if ever they are caught in action, make no mistake about this. Islam has no mercy for these people. The Islamic argument that sodomy/ homosexuality is unnatural is very much debatable and cannot go unchallenged.In a TV documentary, shown a few months ago, about the research by scientists on homosexuality in animals, the researchers were greatly surprised that homosexuality was quite common among monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas and baboons. They noticed that homosexuality, even among birds and fishes, was very much prevalent. The conclusion of the researchers was this: although not so obvious, homosexuality is very much in practice in the animal kingdom. Why should the humans be different?Many other studies have shown conclusively that a small percentage of human beings are attracted to the same sex. Therefore, the question is, whether this small section of males/females should be treated as criminals/murderers/rapists or not, and whether they should be meted out with capital punishment? Most civilized society will never act such barbarously, although the act of homosexuality may not be so readily acceptable to the larger section of the community. The urbane society will, at least, let these gay/lesbian couples have a chance to live and enjoy their freedom as long as they do not infringe on the rights of other 'straight' sex people. This is the minimum that a cultured society will do for its 'non-straight' people. In Islam, however, the story is completely different. Homosexuals are condemned to receive the severest form of punishment in Islam. Homosexuality is treated as a serious sexual crime like Zina and adultery are. Here are some Islamic provisions for sodomy as found in Quran, ahadith and Sha'ria. In Qur'an, the act of sodomy is described as the preferred sexual act of the people of prophet Lot, the nephew of Abraham. The place where the people of Lot practiced this sexual deviation is not stated in the Qur'an, although from historical references we can infer the place to be either Sodom or Gomorrah (ref. 6, p.149), the two biblical cities notoriously infamous for sexual depravity. From the following verses we learn that Allah destroyed the homosexual people of these places by baked 'brimstones.' Amongst those destroyed was also a wife of Lot! The Qur'an does not give a clear reason for her destruction. The following Suras refer to prophet Lot: 7:80-84, 21:74-75, 26:160-165, 27:54-58, 29:28-35. I shall quote only some short verses, namely 7:80-84 007.80
We also (sent) Lut: He said to his people: "Do ye commit lewdness
such as no people in creation (ever) committed before you? Abdur Rahman Doi(ref. 9, p.241), quoting Baihaqi says that sodomy begets Allah's wrath.
In the same book (ref.9) referring to various Islamic sources, he concludes that sodomy is a great sin in Islam. Here is an excerpt from page 242 of this book.
The above comment by Abdur Rahman Doi is related to kissing and having sex with a boy, that is, a minor. Therefore, strictly speaking, it is not really homosexuality; rather it is child molestation, which is definitely a crime under even a secular law. However, when we look into Qur'an we find complete hypocrisy on this matter. In the description of paradise, Allah says that He has reserved young and beautiful boys as servants for those who qualify to enter the garden of paradise. This pleasure of child molestation is especially relevant to the Jihadis of today, who are dying just to have a real taste of paradise. Here are a few samples of verses from the Qur'an. 052.020
They will recline (with ease) on Thrones
(of dignity) arranged in ranks; and We shall join them to Companions,
with beautiful big and lustrous eyes. Here is another sample of Qur'anic 'boys' in paradise: 076.017
And they will be given to drink there of
a Cup (of Wine) mixed with Zanjabil,- If you have the time to search the Qur'an, you will surely find many other verses that promise the company of 'beautiful' 'pearl' like boys used as a baits to convert the sex hungry Bedouin Arabs to Islam. We often hear from the Islamic apologists saying that those 'boys' are simply the server of wine and not for sex. What a great hypocrisy it is! Why did not Allah engage exquisitely beautiful 'Hurs' to serve the wine? Why Allah has to resort to 'pearl' like beautiful boys/youths? As it was the practice of those days, why not let the black 'habshi' slaves be the server of wine? The truth is that many Arabs of those days were fond of sexual molestation of children that included both girls and boys. We find plenty of examples of this type of abuse in the child bride of many of the holy men of Islam including the Prophet himself. What is not apparent is that, this sexual abuse was also common with beautiful boys too. Obviously, Muhammad was greatly disturbed by the sexual misconduct of his followers, but he was very clever in enforcing a total ban on this. He simply deferred this pleasure for the eternal life in paradise. Thus, this kind of sexual molestation became a great temptation for the Jihadis to join Muhammad's wars and to die for the taste of his promised lustful paradise. But with great tact, Muhammad also made it known to his followers that, sodomy will not be tolerated in this world and pronounced a great punishment for indulging in such practices, much similar to Zina and adultery. So, what punishment one may expect for sodomy? In this context, it is good to understand the Islamic concept of sodomy. As I understood from consulting several Islamic sources, the real meaning of sodomy is performing sexual intercourse through anus, be it a man or a woman. Thus, if a man has anal intercourse with a stranger woman, it will be treated as an act of sodomy, and will attract Hadd punishment. If he has anal sex with his wife, this too, will be treated as sodomy that deserves Ta'azir (discretionary) punishment and not Hadd punishment (ref. 9, p.243). However, I could not find what sort of punishment would this be; that is, whether beheading, stoning to death or Islamic lashing.So, this is a topic of great doubt and confusion. Now, the question is, what happens if a man kisses another man, or hugs another man or does any other physical act except anal intercourse? Does this constitute sodomy? Another perplexing question is, can lesbianism be treated as sodomy? It is impossible to have anal intercourse between two women. What is the criterion of homosexuality (read lesbianism) in women? What happens if two women kiss and caress each other without any sexual act? Does this fall under sodomy or homosexuality? I have been thinking about this problem ever since I read about the treatment of homosexuals in Islam. I would appreciate anyone who can enlighten me on this matter. As stated earlier, any sexual act that involves the penetration of penis into anus, be that of a man or a woman, and the 'injection of sperms' (as is known in Islamic vocabulary; see below) there in, is an act of sodomy, as far as Islam is concerned. The punishment for such act varies depending on the Juris of Islamic law. This is a very serious matter, since it may mean life and death. According to some authority, there is no prescribed punishment (hudud) but only discretionary (Ta'azir) punishment that may involve even death sentence. Here is what Abdur Rahman Doiwrites on the punishment for sodomy: Kill both---(ref. 9, p.243) All Muslim jurists agree that sodomy is a sexual offence but differ in their punishment. According to Imam Abu Hanifa, the act of sodomy does not amount adultery and therefore there is no punishment by Hadd to be given to the offender except Ta'azir. Acoording to Imam Malik the hadd punishment will be applied whether the offender is married or not. He relies on the following Hadith: It is reported by Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah (S.A.W.) said: "If you find someone who is committing an act of commitment of Lut (that is homosexuality), "kill the one on top and one below" and in another statement says: "kill the doer and the one with whom the act is committed." "Abu Hurairah reports: That the Prophet (S.A.W.) said, "Imam Shafi'I, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad have said that if the offender is married the hadd of stoning to death will be applied, but if he or she is unmarried, only punishment by Ta'azir will suffice. No backside---(ref. 9, p.243) It is also a crime to have sex with one's wife in an unnatural way, that is, through the back (anus). The majority of the jurists believe that Ta'azir will apply since this is the case surrounded by doubt (shubuhat) and wherever there is a doubt, the hadd will not be applied. Kill both p17.3 ( ref. 8, p. 665) P17.3 The Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) said: (1) "Kill the one who sodomizes and the one who lets it be done to him." (2) "May Allah curse him who does what Lot's people did." (3) "Lesbianism by women is adultery between them." Here is more terrible news from Hedaya (ref.11, p.185) for those who indulge in sodomy and hope for Islamic mercy: And no likewise sodomy, committed with a strange woman IF a man copulate with a strange woman in ano (that is, commit the act of sodomy with her), there is no stated punishment for him, according to Haneefa; but he is to be corrected by Tazeer. The Jama Sagheer directs an aggravation of the Tazeer or correction in this case, and says that the offender must be kept in a place of confinement until he declares his repentance. The two disciples have said that as this act resembles whoredom, the person committing it is subject to the stated punishment for whoredom; and there is one opinion of Shafei to this effect; but another opinion of his is that the parties should be put to death, of whatever description they may be that is whether they be married or not because the Prophet has said, "Slay both the ACTIVE and the PASSIVE" (or according to another tradition, "Stone both the AGENT and the SUBJECT)" The argument of the two disciples is that the act in question has the property of whoredom as that is defined to be an "act of lust committed in that which is the subject of passion, completely and under such circumstances as to be purely unlawful, and where the design is the injection of Semen." Haneeffa, on the other hand argues that his conjunction is not actual whoredom, because the companions of the Prophet have disagreed concerning their decrees upon it, for some of them have said that offenders of this kind should be burnt, some that they should becast headlong from some high place, such as the top of a house and then be stoned to death and so forth; moreover, the conjunction to question has not the property of whoredom, as it is not the means of producing, offspring so as (like whoredom) to occasion any default in birth or confusion in genealogy;--besides, this species of carnal intercourse is of less frequent occurrence than whoredom, because the desire for it exists only on the part of the active and not the passive, whereas in whoredom the desire exists equally on both sides. As to the tradition cited by Shafei, it probably relates to a case where an extraordinary and exemplary punishment is requisite; or where the perpetrator inculcates and insists upon the lawfulness of the act. From the above few paragraphs, it is obvious that the concept of homosexuality, as perceived by Islam, is totally flawed. Never mind if it is flawed, as long as this act did not invite any corporal or capital punishment. The truth is this; because of the ambiguity in the interpretation of the very nature of this sexual 'deviation', there is every possibility of miscarriage of justice. Due to the confusions and differences in opinions, it is not fair to inflict the terrible punishment on those who have desire to have a family with a partner of same sex .The Islamic rules on homosexuality are completely inhuman and out of time. One may not like 'gays' and 'lesbians', but it is totally unjust to deny them a right for their lives (that is, to live) if they happen to fall in love with the same sex without infringing on the rights of others.
BestialityHaving sex with an animal? How is this possible, we often wonder? You have heard sex with man and woman, sex with man and man as well as sex with woman and woman and even sex with oneself. Was not that enough? No, not yet. If reading the sexual deviation in God's creation has disgusted you, then this last topic (bestiality) must be the most disgusting of all, no doubt. For most people, it is impossible to comprehend how one can have sex with an animal! This is similar to committing a murder/suicide. For most common people, the act of murder/suicide is very difficult to understand. Despite this rarity, there are murderers and performers of suicidal acts. Ditto for bestiality. It is a form of very rare sexual deviation, similar to homosexuality, necrophilia, fetish, sadomasochism... etc. However, we cannot simply ignore these sick people. They need correctional treatment rather than punishment. However, in Islam, there is no such notion as treatment or correction, but only terrible punishment for sexual deviationists; as though, by inflicting such barbaric punishment, the abnormality in human behaviour can be corrected! Let us first look into Islamic sources as to what is bestiality and how Islam tries to handle such repulsive sexual act. The most interesting observation is that, there is a huge difference in opinion among the Islamic jurists regarding the nature of punishment to be meted out for bestiality. The punishment for the perpetrator of this act varies from no punishment to the killing of the accused. I am wondering why Allah did not know that his creatures, would, not only fall in love with their own species but also with different species as well. Why Allah was so careless when he created love in the hearts of men women? How come He overlooked the possibility of some deviation from his standard definition of 'love'? Since Allah overlooked this matter, now the Mullahs have a great time establishing their authorities on this matter. This is of grave concern, no doubt, because it could involve life and death for an offender. Please peruse the following excerpts from Hedaya with hilarity and think of what would happen to you should you ever become a victim of this Islamic law/s. Also, note that the beast always receives the punishment (slaughtering) even though it never commits the crime. So much for Islamic mercy for animals and wild life! Punishment for bestiality There is considerable confusion regarding the Islamic punishment for having sex with an animal. The punishment may range from very little to the stoning to death. The famous Sha'ria expert Abdur Rahman Doi (ref. 9, p.243) writes that according to Imam Malik, Abu Hanifa and Zahir only Ta'azir is to be applied and not hadd. The flesh of the animal is halal when slaughtered. But Imam Hanbal and Shafi'I hold that hadd punishment of stoning to death should be applied on the individual and the animal should also be killed and its flesh is unlawful. Punishment for bestiality (ref. 11, p.185) And bestiality IF a man commit bestiality he does not incur Hidd or stated punishment, as this act has not the properties of whoredom, for whoredom is a heinous offence, as being a complete act of lust, to which men feel a natural propensity; but this definition does not apply to copulation with beasts, which is abhorred by an undepraved mind (whence it is not held incumbent to cover or conceal the genitals of brutes); and men can have no reason for desiring carnal connexion with brutes, but from the most vitiated appetite, and the utmost depravity of sentiment;--Hidd therefore is not incurred by this person; but he is to be punished by a discretionary correction for the reasons already specified. It is recorded, also, that the beast should be slain and burnt; this however, is only where the animal is not of an eatable species; but if it be of the eatable species, it is to be eaten (according to Aboo Haneefa) and not burnt. Aboo Yoosaf holds that it should be consumed with fire in both cases, the perpetrator (where it belongs to another person) remaining responsible to the owner for the value; but yet the burning of it is not absolutely incumbent.; nor is it to be burnt for any other reason than as, by this means, all recollection of so vile a fact may be obliterated, and the perpetrator shielded from the disgrace which would attach to him in case of the animal remaining alive. Summary and conclusion:It was not easy to unmask the truth behind the seemingly pious look of Islam regarding sexual matters.Islam gives the impression that it is the only 'moral police' and 'ethical guardian' in the world who has the final say on sex and sexual matters. This is completely untrue. When the veneer of piety and morality and the 'hijab' that is forcibly put on sexual matters is lifted, what we see is a completely different picture with regards to sex in Islam. These observations can be summarized below:
1. The true meaning of sex in Islam is the possession of female sex organs either through dowry in marriage or through the capture of enemy/infidel women by Muslim men.
2. The Islamic version of sex primarily means the sexual pleasure/enjoyment of men that culminates in the 'injection of sperms' in a female vagina.
3. Men are the actors in sex and the women are the objects who are acted upon.
4. In the Islamic concept of sex, there is virtually no room for female sensitivity, her likes and dislikes and the consideration of her sexual satisfaction.It is nearly impossible for a Muslim woman to express her sexual desire.If she is little demanding on sexual matters, she is treated as a whore.
5. The thought of love, feelings, empathy, and consideration, especially on the part of a Muslim woman is sadly missing in the legal provision for the supply of sexual pleasure to a Muslim man by a woman.Sex is viewed as a compulsive desire of men, that, only he is entitled to enforce on a woman with brute force, if necessary.
6. In Islam, homosexuals and other sexual deviants are worse than murderers. There is no room of mercy for them.
7. Islam gives an open license to Muslim men to have sexual intercourse with women as long as these women are not Muslims and/or when these Muslim men are living in an infidel country.
The concept of sex in Islam is totally flawed, if not completely wrong.It is solely based on the medieval and barbaric Arab/Bedouin culture where 'male orgasm' was the only concept of sex. With this outdated idea of sex in Islam, it is impossible to have a sexually satisfying relationship except for gratifying one's base and raw carnal desire. THE ENDReferences1. The Holy Quran; Translation by A. Yusufali, Pickthal, Shakir http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/ 2. Shahih Bukhari; Translation by Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/ 3. Shahih Muslim; Translation by Abdur Rahman Siddiqui http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muslim/ 4. Sunaan Abu Dawud; Translation by Prof. Ahmad Hasan http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/abudawud/ 5. Malik's Muwatta Translators A'sha Abdurrahman at-Tarjumana andYa'qub Johnson http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/muwatta/ 6. A Dictionary of Islam, 1994 by T.P Hughes; Publisher Kazi Publications, Inc. 3023-27 West Belmont Avenue, Chicago, IL 60618 7. Al-Ghazali's Ihya' Ulum al-Din (abridged by Abd el Salam Haroun), 1997; Revised and Translatd by Dr. Ahmad A. Zidan; Published and Distributed by: Islamic Inc. P.O. Box 1636, Cairo, Egypt. 8. Reliance of the Traveller (Revised edition), 1999 by Ahmad ibn Naqib al Misri; Edited by Nuh Ha Mim Keller; Published by Amana Publications, Belltsville, Maryland U.S.A 9. Sharia the Islamic Law, 1998 by Abdur Rahman I. Doi; Publisher A.S. Noordeen, G.P.O. Box No. 10066, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 10. SIRAT RASUL ALLAH by Ibn Ishaq Translated by A. Guillaume. Fifteenth Impression, 2001 Published by Oxford University Press, Karachi, Pakistan 11. THE HEDAYA COMMENTARY ON THE ISLAMIC LAWS (reprint 1994) Translated by Charles Hamilton, Published by Kitab Bhaban , 1784 Kalan Mahal, Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110002 [India] [ Part 1 - Part 2 - Part 3 - Part 4 - Part 5 ] --------------------- Abul Kasem writes from Sydney, Australia.His e-mail address is - abul88@hotmail.com
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